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G•Power Read Me
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1995-07-12
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========================================================================
GPower for Macintosh, Version 2.0.2 June 1995
========================================================================
Contents of this document:
(1) Installation and registration
(2) What GPower does and how it works
(3) How to get GPower (i.e., where to check for future updates and
versions for other platforms)
(4) Address for correspondence
(5) Disclaimer
A more detailed description of the program and its background will be available
soon in printed form:
Erdfelder, E., Faul, F. & Buchner, A. (in press). GPower: A general power
analysis program. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers.
Write to the authors if you are interested in receiving a preprint of this
article.
========================================================================
(1) Installation and registration
========================================================================
GPower should run on any 68K Macintosh using System 6.0.7 or higher.
It has also been tested successfully on some PowerMacintosh models
where it runs in emulation mode.
No special installation procedure is necessary to use GPower. Simply
copy the program to your harddisk. If your Macintosh is equipped with
an arithmetic coprocessor, you should use GPower/FPU, otherwise you
MUST use GPower (GPower/FPU is much faster but it will not run on
machines without FPU). Also, on PowerMacs you must use GPower because
Apple’s 68k emulation does not support the FPU.
GPower is free. You may to give the program to friends and colleagues
who might find it useful. Note that there is an MS-DOS version of
GPower, so if your friends and colleagues use that platform, they can
also work with GPower if they like (see Section (3) of this file for
the FTP site to check for updates and the MS-DOS version of GPower).
We encourage you to let us know your complete address (including your
e-mail address if possible) and the version of GPower you use. Please
find our address in Section (4) below. As a registered user, you will
be informed about future program revisions. Your personal data will be
used for this purpose only.
We also ask you to report any errors or problems encountered with
GPower to the address mentioned in Section (4) of this file.
What follows is a brief description of the program (it takes no more
than five minutes to read it).
========================================================================
(2) What it does and how it works
========================================================================
GPower performs high-precision statistical power analyses for the most
common statistical tests in behavioral research, that is, t-, F-, and
Chi2-tests. The power values obtained by “accuracy mode” calculations
of GPower are correct up to five significant digits at least. Although
available for taking a quick look at a problem, we do not encourage
“speed mode” calculations because they are less accurate.
GPower computes
(a) power values for given sample sizes, effect sizes and alpha-levels
(post hoc power analyses);
(b) sample sizes for given effect sizes, alpha-levels, and power values
(a priori power analyses);
(c) alpha- and beta-values for given sample sizes, effect sizes and
beta/alpha-ratios (compromise power analyses).
It also displays graphically the relation between any two of the
relevant variables.
----------------------- The “Analysis window” -----------------------
The “Analysis window” is used to specify the information necessary for
a particular power analysis, and it displays the results of the last
analysis.
Click “Calculate” to perform a single analysis for the Type of Power
Analysis, the Type of Test, and the parameters you specified.
Click “Calc ES” (where ES is d, r, f, f2, or w, depending on the type
of test currently selected) to open a dialog in which you can specify
the values necessary to calculate the effect size for your power
analysis from empirical data (e.g., from published studies).
Click “Draw graph” to open a dialog in which you can specify the values
necessary to display one parameter (e.g., the power) as a function of
another parameter (e.g., the total sample size) over a range of values
(e.g., from 20 to 220 subjects) in the “Graph window”.
If the “Graph window” is already open, you can simply double-click this
window to open the dialog in which you can specify the graph
parameters.
------------------------- The “Graph window” -------------------------
The “Graph window” can be used to display one parameter (e.g., the
power) as a function of another parameter (e.g., the total sample size)
over a range of values (e.g., from 20 to 220 subjects).
The header of the graph always specifies the type of test, and the
fixed values. The note below the graph tells you what calculation mode
you used. Default is “Accuracy mode” which is very accurate (up to five
significant digits at least) but the price is that you will usually
have to wait a little longer until you see a result. “Speed mode”
calculations are fast but they may not be very accurate (particularly
for ‘extreme’ values). If you selected “Speed mode”, do not trust the
results too much!
You can copy the graph using “Copy graph” from the “Edit” menu and
paste it into your word processor or drawing program documents for
saving or editing the graph information. Inside GPower you cannot edit
or save a graph.
The scaling of the axes in the “Graph window” depends on the size of
the window, so re-sizing the window may have the effect of a more
fine-grained scaling.
If the “Protocol (table)” option in the “Graph dialog” is on, a table
of the values used to plot the graph is written to the Result window.
This table can be imported into your favorite graphics package, either
via the clipboard or by saving the table as a GPower file (see below).
------------------------- The “Result window” -------------------------
If the “Result window” is open, all parameters of all power analyses
performed in the “Analysis window” are recorded here.
The “Result window” is fully editable (using the commands from the Edit
menu). You can either copy the values you need to the clipboard, or you
can save the entire information of the “Result window” to a GPower
file using the Save or Save as commands from the File menu.
Double-clicking such a file launches GPower and opens the file so you
can record more analyses in it. However, because GPower files are of
type TEXT, they may also be opened from inside your favorite word
processor or graphics package.
========================================================================
(3) How to get GPower
========================================================================
The most convenient way to get a copy of GPower is to download the
program from the public FTP server at the University of Trier,
Germany. This is where you should check for updates and future
releases, and for versions for other platforms of GPower. However,
we will also try to make available updates and future releases of the
Macintosh version on an info-mac archive near you.
1. Open the FTP session: FTP ftp.uni-trier.de
2. Log on: user anonymous
3. Enter the password: Your e-mail address.
4. Set the file type to binary (omitting to set the file type properly
is a frequent error!) binary
5. Change directory:
(a) if you want the MS-DOS-version of GPower:
cd /pub/pc/msdos-local
(b) if you want the MACINTOSH-version of GPower:
cd /pub/mac/local
6. Start downloading (make sure to type the file names exactly as indicated
below, this procedure is case-sensitive):
(a) if you want the MS-DOS-version of GPower:
get gpower2i.exe (international version) or
get gpower2d.exe (German version)
(b) if you want the MACINTOSH-version of GPower:
get gpower2.sit
7. Finish the FTP session: quit
8. Convert the compressed file to a standard DOS- or MACINTOSH-file:
(a) DOS-version (self-extracting archive): gpower2i.exe (international
version) or gpower2d.exe (German version). This will create a
subdirectory GPOWER in your current working directory which will
contain all necessary files.
(b) MACINTOSH-version: Open the file gpower2.sit from a version of
StuffIt or use the Stuffit Expander.
========================================================================
(4) Address for correspondence
========================================================================
Please report bugs and suggestions to improve the program to:
Axel Buchner
FB I - Psychologie
Universität Trier
Universitätsring 15
D-54286
Trier Germany
E-mail: buchner@cogpsy.uni-trier.de
========================================================================
(5) Disclaimer
========================================================================
We hereby disclaim all warranties relating to this software, whether
expressed or implied, including without limitation any implied
warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. We
will not be liable for any special, incidental, consequential, indirect
or similar damages due to loss of data or any other reason, even if we
or agents of ours have been advised of the possibility of such damages.
In no event shall we be liable for any damages, regardless of the form
of the claim. The person using the software bears all risk as to the
quality and performance of the software.